FinTech and the Level of Its Adoption in Different Countries around the World
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31181/msa31202633Keywords:
FinTech, Digital Financial Services, Digital Economy Growth, Blockchain Technology, CryptocurrenciesAbstract
Financial Technology, or FinTech, refers to the use of modern technologies in the financial and banking sectors to improve and facilitate financial services. The adoption of this technology is rapidly increasing in many advanced societies. Investment in FinTech has surged in recent years, with key factors driving this growth including the rising demand for digital financial services, the rapid growth of the digital economy, the increasing popularity of blockchain technologies and cryptocurrencies, and, ultimately, supportive regulations for the FinTech industry. FinTech has expanded significantly in countries worldwide, especially in Asian nations and developing economies. In this study, we first provide an overview of FinTech, its objectives, and the necessary infrastructure for its implementation. Then, we briefly discuss the extent of its development and adoption in various countries, followed by a review of several studies conducted by researchers in the FinTech field. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the challenges faced in the development and investment in FinTech.
Downloads
References
Chen, C. C., Huang, H. H., & Chen, H. H. (2020). NLP in FinTech applications: past, present and future. arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.01320. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2005.01320.
Gai, K., Qiu, M., & Sun, X. (2018). A survey on FinTech. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 103, 262-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2017.10.011.
Bagherabad, M. B., Rivandi, E., & Mehr, M. J. (2025). Machine Learning for Analyzing Effects of Various Factors on Business Economic. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.174429010.09842200/v1.
Rivandi, E., & Oskouei, R. J. (2025). A novel approach for developing intrusion detection systems in mobile social networks. Journal of Soft Computing and Decision Analytics, 3(1), 158-170. https://doi.org/10.31181/jscda31202576.
Rivandi, E. (2024). FinTech and the Level of Its Adoption in Different Countries Around the World. Available at SSRN 5049827. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5049827.
Puschmann, T. (2017). Fintech. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 59(1), 69-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-017-0464-6.
Giglio, F. (2021). Fintech: A literature review. European Research Studies Journal, 24(2B), 600-627. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v15n1p80.
Selvaraj, A., Devan, M., & Thirunavukkarasu, K. (2024). AI-Driven approaches for test data generation in FinTech applications: enhancing software quality and reliability. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research and Applications, 4(1), 397-429.
Abdillah, L. (2019). An overview of Indonesian fintech application. In The First International Conference on Communication, Information Technology and Youth Study (I-CITYS2019), Bayview Hotel Melaka, Melaka (Malacca), Malaysia.
Pezeshgi, A., Naeimi, M., & Family, Q. (2025). Buying on Impulse in the Age of AI: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Moral Dilemmas. Evidence, and Moral Dilemmas. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5402344.
Sadeghi, S., & Niu, C. (2024). Augmenting Human Decision-Making in K-12 Education: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Assisting the Recruitment and Retention of Teachers of Color for Enhanced Diversity and Inclusivity. Leadership and Policy in Schools. https://doi.org/10.1080/15700763.2024.2358303.
Karizaki, M. S., Gnesdilow, D., Puntambekar, S., & Passonneau, R. J. (2024, July). How Well Can You Articulate that Idea? Insights from Automated Formative Assessment. In International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (pp. 225-233). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-64299-9_16.
Bazmi, M., Tabarkhoon, F., Nomura, K. I., Jessen, K., & Tsotsis, T. T. (2025). An AI framework for optimization of operating conditions, geometry, and material screening in membrane gas separation. Separation and Purification Technology, 135306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2025.135306.
Bahadoran Baghbadorani, S., Johari, S. A., Fakhri, Z., Khaksar Shahmirzadi, E., Navruzbek Shavkatovich, S., & Lee, S. (2022). A new version of african vulture optimizer for apparel supply chain management based on reorder decision-making. Sustainability, 15(1), 400. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010400.
Heidari, S., Zarei, M., Rad, S. S., Sanaei, F., Hajian, E., & Boti, M. (2025). Integrating Green Supply Chain Management and Total Quality Management: A SEM-ANN Analysis of Performance Enhancement in SMEs. Computer and Decision Making: An International Journal, 2, 558-569.
Amiri, M.K., Zaferani, S.P.G., Emami, M.R.S., Zahmatkesh, S., Pourhanasa, R., Namaghi, S.S., Klemeš, J.J., Bokhari, A. and Hajiaghaei-Keshteli, M. (2023). Multi-objective optimization of thermophysical properties GO powders-DW/EG Nf by RSM, NSGA-II, ANN, MLP and ML. Energy, 280, 128176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.128176.
Neshatfar, S., Magner, A., & Sekeh, S. Y. (2023). Promise and Limitations of Supervised Optimal Transport-Based Graph Summarization via Information Theoretic Measures. IEEE Access, 11, 87533-87542. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3302830.
Neshatfar, S., & Sekeh, S. Y. (2024). Robust Subgraph Learning by Monitoring Early Training Representations. arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.09901. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2403.09901.
Hosseinidoust, E., Sepehrdoost, H., Khodabakhshi, A., & Massahi, S. (2021). Investigating Interactions among Health Care Indicators, Income Inequality and Economic Growth: A Case Study of Iran. Journal of Applied Economics Studies in Iran, 10(38), 69-94. https://doi.org/10.22084/aes.2021.21983.3092.
Massahi, S. (2025). Unintended Consequences of Early Driving Access: Evidence from Graduated Driver Licensing Policies and Adolescent Health Outcomes. arXiv preprint arXiv:2509.23578. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2509.23578.
Karimi, M., & Damirchi, F. (2025). Re-Evaluating the Functionalist Approach of Urban Management towards Sustainable Architecture and Urban Layout with Emphasis on the Role of Digital Technologies. Journal of Modern Technology, 2(2), 327-345. https://doi.org/10.71426/jmt.v2.i2.pp327-345.
Zarei, M., Mohseni, F., & Sohrabi, P. (2024). Correlates of spatial structure variability in Bushehr port-city: A comprehensive analysis using fuzzy cognitive mapping methodology. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development, 8(11), 8789. https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i11.8789.
Dorfleitner, G., & Hornuf, L. (2019). FinTech business models. In FinTech and Data Privacy in Germany: An Empirical Analysis with Policy Recommendations (pp. 85-106). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31335-7_5.
Dorfleitner, G., & Hornuf, L. (2019). FinTechs and Data Protection. In FinTech and Data Privacy in Germany: An Empirical Analysis with Policy Recommendations (pp. 13-51). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31335-7_3.
Nikzat, P., & Hosseinzade, S. (2025). A Practical Model to Measure E-Service Quality and E-Customer Satisfaction of Crypto Wallets. Open Journal of Business and Management, 13(3), 1634-1660. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2025.133085.
Kijkasiwat, P. (2021). Opportunities and challenges for Fintech Startups: The case study of Thailand. ABAC Journal, 41(2), 41.
Albarrak, M. S., & Alokley, S. A. (2021). FinTech: ecosystem, opportunities and challenges in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 14(10), 460. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14100460.
Vijai, C. (2019). FinTech in India–opportunities and challenges. SAARJ Journal on Banking & Insurance Research (SJBIR), 8(1), 42-54. https://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2319-1422.2019.00002.X.
Alkhazaleh, A. M. K. (2021). Challenges and opportunities for Fintech startups: Situation in the Arab World. Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal, 25(3), 1-14.
Imam, T., McInnes, A., Colombage, S., & Grose, R. (2022). Opportunities and Barriers for FinTech in SAARC and ASEAN Countries. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 15(2), 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15020077.
Rahman, B., Ahmed, O., & Shakil, S. (2021). Fintech in Bangladesh: ecosystem, opportunities and challenges. International Journal of Business and Technopreneurship, 11(1), 73-90.
Yuniarti, S., & Rasyid, A. (2020). Consumer Protection in Lending Fintech Transaction in Indonesia: Opportunities and Challenges. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1477, No. 5, p. 052016). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1477/5/052016.
Ahmed, I. N. I., Marziana, L., & NOR, R. M. (2023). Review of Opportunities and Challenges Represented by Big Data For Fintech In Malaysia. Journal of Information Systems and Digital Technologies, 5(2), 194-209. https://doi.org/10.31436/jisdt.v5i2.425.
Hao, V. T. (2020). Developing a fintech ecosystem in vietnam: Opportunities and challenges for startups. In SHS Web of Conferences (Vol. 89, p. 04001). EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20208904001.
Laldin, M. A., & Djafri, F. (2019). Islamic finance in the digital world: Opportunities and challenges (Kewangan Islam dalam Dunia Digital: Peluang dan Cabaran). Journal of Islam in Asia, 16(3), 283-299.
Clements, R. (2021). Regulating FinTech in Canada and the United States: Comparison, challenges and opportunities 1. The Routledge Handbook of FinTech, 416-454. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3557576.
Ololade, Y. J. (2024). Conceptualizing fintech innovations and financial inclusion: comparative analysis of African and US initiatives. Finance & Accounting Research Journal, 6(4), 546-555.
Ololade, Y. J. (2024). SME financing through fintech: an analytical study of trends in Nigeria and the USA. International Journal of Management & Entrepreneurship Research, 6(4), 1078-1102.
Hikida, R., & Perry, J. (2020). Fintech trends in the United States: Implications for household finance. Public Policy Review, 16(4), 1-32.
Ioannou, S., & Wójcik, D. (2022). The limits to FinTech unveiled by the financial geography of Latin America. Geoforum, 128, 57-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.11.020.
Al Nawayseh, M. K. (2020). Fintech in COVID-19 and beyond: What factors are affecting customers’ choice of fintech applications?. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 6(4), 153. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6040153.
Leong, K., & Sung, A. (2018). FinTech (Financial Technology): what is it and how to use technologies to create business value in fintech way?. International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, 9(2), 74-78.
Yang, L., & Wang, S. (2022). Do fintech applications promote regional innovation efficiency? Empirical evidence from China. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 83, 101258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2022.101258.
Kunduru, A. R. (2023). Artificial intelligence advantages in cloud Fintech application security. Central Asian Journal of Mathematical Theory and Computer Sciences, 4(8), 48-53.
Stojanović, B., Božić, J., Hofer-Schmitz, K., Nahrgang, K., Weber, A., Badii, A., ... & Runevic, J. (2021). Follow the trail: Machine learning for fraud detection in Fintech applications. Sensors, 21(5), 1594. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21051594.
Mustapha, I., Vaicondam, Y., Jahanzeb, A., Usmanovich, B. A., & Yusof, S. H. B. (2023). Cybersecurity Challenges and Solutions in the Fintech Mobile App Ecosystem. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies, 17(22). https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v17i22.45261.
Grassi, L., & Fantaccini, S. (2022). An overview of Fintech applications to solve the puzzle of health care funding: state-of-the-art in medical crowdfunding. Financial innovation, 8(1), 84. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-022-00388-9.
Meng, W., Zhu, L., Li, W., Han, J., & Li, Y. (2019). Enhancing the security of FinTech applications with map-based graphical password authentication. Future Generation Computer Systems, 101, 1018-1027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2019.07.038.
Priyadarshi, A., Singh, P., Dawadi, P., Dixit, A. K., & Prasad, D. (2024). Role of FinTech Apps in Increasing Investment Decisions: A Study on the Capital Market. Financial Markets, Institutions and Risks, 8(2), 186-197. https://doi.org/10.61093/fmir.8(2).186-197.2024.
Lee, S. (2017). Evaluation of mobile application in user's perspective: Case of P2P lending apps in FinTech industry. KSII Transactions on Internet & Information Systems, 11(2), 1105-1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3837/tiis.2017.02.027.
Bojjagani, S., Seelam, N. R., Sharma, N. K., Uyyala, R., Akuri, S. R. C. M., & Maurya, A. K. (2023). The use of IoT-based wearable devices to ensure secure lightweight payments in FinTech applications. Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences, 35(9), 101785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2023.101785.
Heidari, S., Hashemi, S., Khorsand, M. S., Daneshfar, A., & Jazayerifar, S. (2024). Towards standardized regulations for block chain smart contracts: Insights from Delphi and SWARA analysis. Amity Journal of Management, XI(II), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.31620/AJM.1121.
Roshdieh, N. (2024). The Effect of Monetary Policy Uncertainty on Stock Market Uncertainty with NARDL Approach. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 15(10), 1-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5110149.
Abapour, N., Shafiesabet, A., & Mahboub, R. (2021). A novel security based routing method using ant colony optimization algorithms and RPL protocol in the IoT networks. Mapta Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (MJECE), 3(1), 1-9.
Nasiri, S., Shahabi, S., Shafiesabet, A., Talebbeidokhti, M., & Behineh, E. A. (2026). Cybersecurity in Action: Unraveling the Effects of Individual, Social, and Organizational Determinants. Tehnički glasnik, 20(2),1-10, https://doi.org/10.31803/tg-20240627004731.
Latifi, T., Li, J., Blum, S. C., & Fowler, D. (2024). Determinants of Users’ Intention to Visit a Destination: A Virtual Reality Quality Framework. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2024.2440010.
Azimi Asmaroud, S. (2022). Preservice Elementary Teachers’ Categorical Reasoning and Knowledge Transfer on Definition Tasks With Two Dimensional Figures. Theses and Dissertations. 1588. https://ir.library.illinoisstate.edu/etd/1588.
Nikzat, P., Hasangholi Pouryasori, T., Shah Hosseini, M. A., & Taban, M. (2019). A Strategic Control Model by Emphasis on the Green Approach. Environmental Energy and Economic Research, 3(2), 85-106. https://doi.org/10.22097/eeer.2019.169029.1067.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Elaheh Rivandi (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.